Dictionary of Proper Names
Selected from Glossary and Index of Proper Names in Sri Aurobindo’s Works (1989/1996)
J
Jaafar (Bin Barmak) (767–803) son of Yaḥyā ibn Khalid al-Barmaki (d. 805) who had been a tutor & aide of Haroun-al Rashid & later the most powerful man in the Caliphate of Baghdad when Haroun had made him his grand Vizier. Finding Ja’far as capable as his father, Haroun began by entrusting him important administrative posts & finally appointed him Wazir or Vizier, chief minister. Ja’far had a reputation as a patron of the sciences in the medieval Islamic world & did much to introduce Indian science into Baghdad. He was credited with convincing the caliph to open a paper mill in Baghdad, the secret of paper-making having been obtained from Tang Chinese prisoners at the Battle of Talas (in present-day Kyrgyzstan) in 751. He was beheaded in 803 for allegedly having had an affair with Haroun’s sister Abassa, although historical sources remain unclear about the real cause of Jā-far’s death & the fall of the Barmekids.
Jabāla mother of Satyakāma Jabāla
Jackson District Magistrate of Nāshik who was shot dead on 21 December 1909 as he had committed Ganesh Sāvarkar for a trial which resulted in Ganesh’s transportation for life. For this the Octopus sentenced seven Chitpāvan Brahmins & executed three of them [s/a Khare, Waman S]
Jack the Ripper murderer of prostitutes in London’s East End in November 1888.
Jacob younger of the twin sons of Isaac & Rebekah, later named Israel, the progenitor of the people of Israel. Esau was the older son. In Genesis 27, Isaac asks Esau, whom he preferred, to bring him meat & receive his blessings. Rebekah, who preferred Jacob, had Jacob bring savoury meat to Isaac so that he would be the one to receive his father’s blessings. Isaac, who could not see, recognized Jacob by his voice, but when he felt Jacob’s hands, he was deluded into thinking that Jacob was Esau, as he claimed to be. Thus Jacob, with his mother’s help, received the blessings which the dying Isaac had intended for Esau.
Jacobin(s) the political group of the French Revolution formed in 1798, they led the Revolutionary government from mid-1793 to mid-1794 (see Robespierre).
A Jacobite’s Epitaph poem by Macaulay.
Jadabharata King Bharata was greatly attached to a fawn in his last moments. After his death, therefore, he had to take birth as a deer. On leaving the body of the deer, he was reborn in a Brahmin family, a realised soul from his very childhood who intentionally simulated jadatā (idiocy) all his life & was therefore known as Jadabharata. His account occurs in Jabāla Upanishad& Bhavishya Purana.
Jagai & Madhai Jagannāth & Mādhava, two brothers appointed Kotwāls (commanding officer) of Nadia, who indulged in rape, kidnapping & murder until converted by Sri Chaitanya.
Jagat S(h)eth banker of the world a title conferred on Fatehchand, a very rich banker of Bengal, by the Emperor of Delhi c.1723. The House of Fatehchand situated in Murshidabad had branches in Dacca & Patna. It controlled the purchase of bullion in Bengal, helped the Octopus establish its mint in Murshidabad, received revenues paid by native zamindars on behalf of the British, remitted to Delhi the revenue due to the emperor, & regulated the rate of exchange on all monies that came to Bengal by way of trade & commerce. His grandson Mahatabchand succeeded to the title in 1744. Because he & his cousin were insulted by Nawab Sirāj-ud-Daulah they helped Clive in conspiracy against the Nawab with large funds before & after the deceitful battle of Plassey in 1757, i.e., acted as midwives in the birth of the British Raj. They were loyal also to Mir Jāfar, the puppet the English replaced Sirāj-ud-Daulah with, & treacherous to Jāfar’s successor Mir Kāsim, who refused to be a puppet of the English & were therefore killed by Mir Kāsim. The English, unparalleled Gentlemen & sticklers for uprightness awarded Sheths’ fidelity ‘until death does do part’ by disowning any debt to them & their House, reducing them to destitution.
Jāhnavie epithet of Ganga; when her flow disturbed his tapasyā, sage Jahnu drank her up. Made to realise the catastrophe, he let her out from his ear, hence this epithet.
Jaimini disciple of Vyāsa. He authored the Purva-Mīmāṁsā.
Jainism religion founded by Mahāvira on the principles taught by the 23rd Tirthankara Parshvanāth. It accepts Karma & Rebirth but rejects the authority of the Vedas to make Ahimsa paramo dharmah its central doctrine.
Jai Singh (d.1667) Raja of Amber who sold himself to Shah Jahan on whose orders he hunted the emperor’s sons Shuja & then Dara with distinction, for that fidelity Aurangzeb ordered him to fight Shivaji. Jai Singh captured Shivaji & 23 of his forts including the redoubtable Purandhar; sent his prisoner into the hungry jaws of Aurangzeb. In spite of these spectacular services, when he failed to capture Bijāpur, Aurangzebe rewarded him with two options – commit suicide or be murdered by your deputy. Only slightly less stupid, a descendent of Jai Singh, celebrated as Sawai (=25% greater than) Jai Singh revolted against Aurangzeb’s successor but settled back into slavery as Moghul viceroy for Mālwā or Mālavā, then of Agra.
Jamādagni (Bhārgava) Vedic Rishi, a descendant of Bhrigu, son of Richikā & Satyavati, & the father of Parashurāma.
King James/ James VI/ James I (1566-1625), son of Mary Queen of Scots, became King James VI of Scotland from 1567 when his mother was forced to abdicate, only to be embroiled in successive combinations of the nobility & clergy in a complicated struggle between his mother’s Catholic party, which favoured an alliance with France, & the Protestant faction, which wished an alliance with England. His alliance with England’s Queen Elizabeth I in 1586 led to the execution of his mother which he calmly accepted. On the death of Elizabeth in 1603, he became James I, King of England, but was never as well-liked there as in Scotland. He is famous for his True Law of Free Monarchy (1598) & Basilikon Doron (1599), a treatise of the art of government.
James, W(illiam) (1842-1910), American psychologist, author of Principles of Psychology.
Janak(a)/ Janac/ Junak/ Videh king of Videha, contemporary of Swetaketu, & other great sages. Yajñavalkya was his guru & he himself a yogi of stature.
Jana(loka) lowest of the three cosmic worlds; ‘world of creative delight’.
Janamejaya/ Janamejoya/ Janmejoya great-grandson of Arjūna. When his father, Parikshit was bitten to death by Tuxuc (q.v.), he performed an Nāga-Yajña.
Janārdan(a) one adored by people & turned to in distress, epithet of Sri Krishna.
Janashruti a wealthy & generous Shudra who was directed by two swans to approach Raikwa, a yogi, for knowledge.
Janina more often known as Ioannina; a city on Lake Ioannina in Epirus, Greece.
Janmabhumi weekly of South India; when, in 1920, it described him as an enthusiastic Gandhian, Sri Aurobindo contradicted this in the Standard Bearer.
Janus Roman god source of the January, the 1st month of the Gregorian calendar; as god of war & peace he is usually represented with a double-faced head, bearded or unbearded, placed back to back; his temple-doors were opened during war, & closed in times of peace.
Japhet Japheth, youngest of Noah’s three sons. The phrase “cultured son of Japheth” distinguishes a Christian from a Hamite (q.v.) or a Semite (q.v.).
Jarad-drashta Sanskrit form of Zoroaster
Jarāsandha(a) in Mahabharata, king of Magadha. His father Bŗihadratha gave this name to him because he, having originally been born in two halves to his two queens & so thrown away, had been put together by the Rākshasi Jarā. He besieged Mathurā eighteen times & attacked Krishna who had killed Kansa, the husband of two of his daughters. He was later killed by Bhīma.
Jaratkarṇa ‘old ear’, Vedic Rishi Sarpa Airāvata (author of Rig-Veda, X.76).
Jarat-karu/ Joruthcaru Rishi of Yāyāvar’s family, he married a sister of Vāsuki
Jashwant Rai founder of Punjabee at Lahore in 1904; prosecuted in 1906.
Jat(s) also known as Ahirs, were a traditionally agricultural community in Northern India. The community saw radical social changes when Hindu Jāts took up arms against the Mughal Empire during the late 17th & 18th centuries. The Jat Sikhs of Punjab played an important role in the development of the martial Khālsā Panth of Sikhism (q.v.). When the Mughal Empire faltered, rural rebellions by Sikh & Hindu Jāts against it in North India were generally led by small local Zamindars, who had close association & family connections with each other & with the peasants under them. The more triumphant among them Zamindars assumed the ranks of princes, such as the Hindu Jat ruler Badan Singh of the princely state of Bharatpur. Hindu Jat states of the 18th & 19th centuries included Kucheswar ruled by the Dalal Jāts & Gohad ruled by Rāṇā Jāts. Their kingdom of Bharatpur reached its zenith under Maharaja Suraj Mal (1707–1763). He captured Agra Fort in 1761 & it remained in the possession of Bharatpur rulers till 1774 & from 1778 to 1783. Patiālā & Nabha, two important Jat Sikh states in Punjab, were formed with assistance of the sixth Sikh guru, known as Guru Har Gobind. [S. Bhattacharya]
The Jātakas a vast literature written in Pāli which describes the previous incarnations of Buddha & of the social & political condition in his times.
Jatāyu son of Garūda; he died while fighting Rāvana who was carrying away Sītā.
Jaures probably Jean Leon Jaures (1859-1914), French Socialist leader & writer. He was assassinated.
Java (1) in Rāmāyana, father of the Rākshasa Virādha & husband of Shatahrada. (2) Indonesian island in the Malaya Archipelago, east of Sumatra & west of Bāli; it abounds in Hindu & Buddhist monuments.
Jaxartes river of central Asia (now called Syr Darya) flowing west into the Aral Sea.
Jayā Jayāvati, companion of Pārvati, who charged her to bring up her first son Skandha in her heavenly abode where Asūras sent to kill him, could not enter. After the threat was nullified, the Great Gods (q.v.) renamed him Kārtikeya.
Jayadeva poet of Gita-Govinda, lyrics on the early life & love of Krishna as Govinda (the cowherd), & Radha. Jayadeva graced the court of King Lakshmaṇa Sena of Bengal (c.1180-c. 1202).
Jayadrath(a) in Mahābhārata king of Sindhu, an ally of the Kauravas. He was one of the six generals of Duryodhana who cornered Arjunā’s son & fatally attacked him. The next day Arjūna killed him.
Jayanta son of Indra, born of Paulomie or Sachi.
Jayaswāl, Kashi Prasad (1871-1937), a pioneer in diverse fields of Indology. His main field of activity, however, was research in Indian history & culture. He is author of Hindu Polity, a study of ancient civic assemblies of India. He illumined many dark corners of Indian history. Jayaswāl was a prime mover in starting the Patna Museum & the Bihar Research Society. [Dict. of National Biography, in 4 volumes, ed. S.P. Sen, Institute of Historical Studies, Calcutta, 1972-74]
J.C.B. initials of Jagadish Chandra Bose (1858-1937), plant physiologist & physicist whose invention of highly sensitive instruments for the detection of the minute responses of living organisms to external stimuli enabled him to anticipate the parallelism between animal & plant tissues noted by later bio-physicists. His work & genius were recognized & he was knighted. He founded & directed (1917-1937) the Bose Research Institute, Calcutta. He attended the marriage of Sri Aurobindo in 1901.
Jean Christophe a ten-volume novel (1904-12 in French; English translation, 1910-13) by Romain Rolland, appraising contemporary French & German civilisation.
Jeans, Sir James Sir James (Hopwood) Jeans (1877-1946), English mathematician, physicist, & astronomer.
Jean Valjean hero of Victor Hugo’s novel Les Miserables.
Jeffreys George Jeffreys (1648-89), 1st Baron of Wem: Lord Chancellor: hated for the judicial murder of Algernon Sidney & the brutal trials of Richard Baxter & others.
Jehangir Jahangir (Jahan = universe) (1569-1627), born of a Rajput wife of Akbar & Salim, he rebelled against Akbar in 1601 but was pardoned in 1604. On the eve of Akbar’s death in 1605, some of his ministers attempted to install Salim’s eldest son Khusrav (the most popular of his three sons) on the throne with the support of Khusrav’s maternal uncle Raja Mān Singh of Amber who entered into service of Akbar in 1562 when his father gave his sister in marriage to Akbar, he proved a staunch supporter & one of the best generals of Akbar who made him governor of Kabul & Bengal (he died 1614). The attempt failed & Salim ascended the throne as Jahangir. In 1606, failing to punish Raja Mān Singh, Jahangir executed 25 year-old Arjan Singh, 5th Guru of the Sikhs, who had compiled the Ādi Grantha with select verses from the previous Sikhs Gurus & many Hindu & Muhammedan saints, for having sympathised with Khusrav’s cause. In 1611, he married Noor Jahan who in no time took over the actual administration of his empire, even minting coins with her name on them. In 1620, after the third failed attempt to enthrone Khusrav (who had refused to marry Noor Jahan’s daughter by a previous husband), Jahangir blinded him & gave him in custody of his second son Khurram who hated him & got him secretly killed in1622. Neither as proficient a general or as far-sighted as his father, usurped Ahmadnagar in 1616, & Kangra in 1620; reduced Usman Khan of Bengal & Rāṇā Amar Singh of Mewār to feudatories; but lost Kandahar to the Shah of Persia in 1622. When Khurram revolted against Jahangir in 1624, his younger brother Parviz, who helped Jahangir subdue him, was made heir-apparent. Parviz died in 1626, Jahangir in 1627, & Khurram ascended the throne in 1627 as Shah Jahan. ― Alas, like Akbar, Jahangir ignored the need of a strong navy of his own, depending instead on other European traders-raiders to fight the Portuguese naval raids on his territories (see East India Co.). In 1617, Thomas Roe, an agent of E.I. Co., attended Jahangir’s birthday party in Mandu, capital of Mālwā usurped by Akbar in 1580. In 1618, Roe met him in Ahmadābād & labelling it “the greatest town in Hindustan, perhaps the world”, comparable to London, where “every English fleet sends his factors”, conned him into writing to James I (see James VI): :…it is my pleasure & I do command that to all the English merchants in all my dominions there be given freedom & residence...& that their goods & merchandise they may sell or traffic with according to their own will...& that all their ships may come & go to my ports wheresoever they choose at their own will.” Deluded Jahangir failed to see he had, in effect, ceded the Moghul Empire into the jaws of the insatiable British Octopus.
Jehovah corrupt form of “Yahweh”, the God of Old Testament.
Jenghiz/ Jenghis Jenghiz Khan (1167?-1227), Mongol conqueror, originally named Temuchin. His wars were marked by ruthless carnage, which is why the empire he built lasted until 1368. Timur-i-lang was descended from him.
Jenkins, Sir Lawrence Lawrence Hugh (1858-1928): called to the bar 1883: Puisne Judge of Calcutta High Court 1896-9: Chief Justice of Bombay High Court 1899-1908: awarded Knight Commander of the Indian Empire 1903: Member, Viceroy’s Council 1908-9: Chief Justice of Calcutta High Court 1909-15, in which capacity, in a Special Bench with Justice Carnduff, he heard the appeal in the Alipore Bomb Case (1909) & gave judgment on 23 November 1909. There was a difference of opinion between the two judges in respect of five of the appellants. [Buckland; B.K. Bose, Alipur Bomb Trial, Calcutta, 1922; Martin Gilbert, Servant of India, London, 1966]
Jericho a city of Palestine, in the Jordan valley 5 miles north of the Dead Sea. Destroyed & rebuilt several times in its history, its archaeological site dates back to c. 9000 BC. In Old Testament (Joshua:6), the armed men, when they heard the sound of the trumpets blown by the seven priests who followed them, they “shouted with a great shout” in obedience to the command of Joshua; & it so happened that the walls of Jericho “fell down flat”.
Jerimadeth Jerahmeel/ Jerimoth/ Yarmouth/ Yeramedi a city of ancient Palestine.
Jesuit a soldier of Christ, member of the Society of Jesus founded in 1533 by Saint Ignatius Loyola who saved the souls of Indian pagans through every means provided to him by the masters of the Indian subcontinent.
Jew a Jehudi, native of Judah, either a member of the tribe of Judah, or a native of the subsequent kingdom of Judah. The Jewish people as a whole, initially called Hebrews, were known as Israelites from the time of their entrance into the Holy Land to the end of the Babylonian Exile (538 BC). Thereafter, the term Yehudi signified all adherents of Judaism.
Jew of Malta the chief character (Barabbas) of Marlowe’s blank-verse play “The Jew of Malta”, produced about 1592 but not published until 1633.
Jinnah Mohammad Ali (1876-1948) In 1892, like C.R. Das & other Indian students Jinnah too was elated at the election of Naoroji on a Liberal ticket. He heard his maiden speech from the balcony of the House of Commons, decided to take up politics & joined Lincoln’s Inn. Called to the Bar in 1895, he returned to India, enrolled as advocate of Bombay High Court, & was appointed Presidency Magistrate in 1900. In 1906, Naoroji appointed him his Personal Secretary, in which capacity he attended the landmark Congress session at Calcutta where Lal-Bal-Pal’s Nationalist Party set the goal of Swaraj before the country. He was part of the Central Committee of the Congress that met at Pherozshah’s house in Bombay & decided to shift the venue for the 1907 Congress from Nagpur to Surat. In 1909, he was elected to the Bombay Legislative Assembly, & in 1910 elected from a Mohammedan constituency in Bombay Presidency (under Morley-Minto’s Constitutional Reforms Act of 1909) to Viceroy’s Central Legislative Council. There he met his second mentor, G.K. Gokhale; they conferred with Dadabhai, Viṭhalbhai Patel, Sassoon David, & Mazhar-ul-Haq “the desirability of organisation & division of work in the Council” among themselves. Besides Jinnah, Nawab Syed Mohammad Bahadur from Madras, Bhupendra Nath Basu from Bengal, R.N. Mudholkar from Berar, & Sachchidananda Sinha & M.M. Malaviya from U.P., shared Gokhale’s political outlook. Jinnah remained a member of that the Viceroy’s Council up to 1919. [B.R. Nanda, Gokhale: The Indian Moderates & the British Raj, OUP, Delhi, 1979:283, 358, 378; Encyclopaedia Columbia, 1952, p.1011] ― In 1913 Jinnah joined the Muslim League & managed get it & INC together on the issue of post-War representative reforms, one result of which was the Congress at its 1913 Session at Karachi passed a resolution on the reform of the Council of the Secretary of State for India, & decided to send a deputation to England, with Jinnah as its spokesman. He urged that one-third of the members of the Indian Council should be elected members of the Indian legislatures. He was elected President of the Muslim League in 1916 & 1920, but remained a member of the Congress until 1930. In 1916, he sponsored the Congress-League scheme of constitutional reforms, a part of which is known as the Lucknow Pact (q.v.). Before the end of World War I, Jinnah was the most prominent young leader of both major political organisations in British India, enjoying the ear of the viceroy & his ICS cabinet on their own council as well. The aftermath of World War I brought only the repressive sword of the Rowlatt Black Acts, extending wartime martial laws during peacetime. Jinnah was the first member of the Viceroy’s Council to resign, protesting against “uprooting of fundamental principles of justice” by Government “over fretful & incompetent bureaucracy”. ― On 10th Aug.1920, the Gujarat Political Conference at Ahmedabad, under Abbas Tayābji passed a resolution supporting Gandhi’s non-cooperation movement making the Khilafat problem its main plank. At the 7th September, meeting of the Muslim League Jinnah was forced to concede non-cooperation but clarified that he did not support Gandhi’s policy. Not convinced that the non-cooperation agitation launched by Gandhi on 1st August was on the right answer, Lajpat Rai & Jinnah joined C.R. Das & the Tilakites to oppose Gandhi’s attempt to get endorsement for his agitation. Das & Pal proposed that a mission be sent of England to get an authoritative statement of British policy & meanwhile the elections should be fought & not boycotted. But Gandhi, already supported by the Muslim League & the delegates from the South, added Motilal’s support by claiming that if the majority joined his movement Swaraj would come within a year. He won his case. ― The December 1920 Nagpur session (over which Tilak’s party wanted Sri Aurobindo to preside) also turned its back on constitutional methods of agitation & handed over the reins of the freedom struggle to Gandhi. The President of the session, Mr Vijayarāghavāchārya, known as the Grand Old Man of the Congress, pleaded in vain for a conciliatory gesture to strengthen Montagu’s hands. Even C.R. Das changed his stand & gave full support to the non-cooperation movement. The only one who had the courage to oppose Gandhi was Jinnah: “With great respect for Gandhi & those who think with him,” he declared, “I make bold to say in this Assembly that you will never get your independence without bloodshed.” Jinnah refused to have anything to do with Gandhi’s pseudo-religious approach to politics. He particularly deplored the Khilafat agitation (q.v.), & left the Congress. ─ In 1925, Jinnah had declared in the Legislative Assembly, “I am a nationalist first, a nationalist second & a nationalist last” & also written in a London paper that the Congress was not a Hindu body. In 1928 he joined the Anti-Simon agitation, though it split the League, nor did he cooperate with the Muslim delegates at the RTC in London (1930-33). [Wolport’s Jinnah; S. Bhattacharya; Durga Das’ India – From Curzon to Nehru & After, Collins, London, 1969]
Jnadas (b.1530), Vaishnava Bengali writer of lyrics Mathura & Murali-siksa.
Joachim Joachim of Fiore (c.1130/35-1201/2), Italian mystic, biblical commentator, philosopher of history, & founder of a monastic order.
Joad Cyril Edwin Mitchinson (1891-1953), English author & teacher.
Joan of Arc/ Jeanne d’Arc (c.1412-31), saint & greatest national heroine of France. She led the resistance to the English & Burgundians in the second period of the Hundred Years’ War. Condemned as a heretic by an English-dominated church court, she was burnt at the stake at Rouen.
Book of Job in Old Testament Job attempts to understand the sufferings that engulf him. The discourses consist of three cycles of speeches, in each of which Job disputes with three friends & converses with God.
Jogesh (Chandra) See Chowdhuri, Jogesh (Chandra)
St John variously called St. John the Evangelist, St. John the Divine, & Beloved Disciple. In his exile on Patmos Island, he is said to have written the Revelation.
John Bull image of England & English character by Scottish mathematician & physician John Arbuthnot (1667-1735) first in a series then as History of John Bull.
Johnson Samuel (1709-84), English poet, essayist, critic, journalist, lexicographer.
Johnson, Lionel Lionel Pigot Johnson (1867-1902), English poet & critic; a reader for the publishing house to whom Sri Aurobindo’s poem “Urvasie” was sent.
Jonaraja (c.1389-1459), poet, scholar, historian, astronomer, & physician of Kashmir who, asked by the ruler composed Rājataraṅginī, an account of twenty-three kings of Kashmir in Sanskrit verse. It followed the Rājataraṅginī of Kalhaṇa.
Jones, Dr. Stanley Christian missionary, author of The Christ of the Indian Road.
Jones, Sir William (1746-94), youngest son of William Jones the mathematician: educated at Harrow for more than 10 years: Scholar of University College, Oxford 1764 where he began his studies in Oriental & other languages: Fellow of his College 1766: M.S. 1773: translated the life of Nadir Shah from Persian into French 1770: wrote a Persian grammar 1771: Fellow of Royal Society 1772: called to the bar from Middle Temple 1774: Commissioner of Bankrupts 1776: published Essay on the Law of Bailments 1881: Judge of the Supreme Court of Calcutta 1783: founded the Asiatic Society of Bengal 1784 – its President for life: contributed 29 papers to the first four volumes of the Asiatic Researches: translated the ordinances of the Hindu lawgiver Manu, the Shākuntalam of Kālidāsa (1789), the Gita-govinda of Jayadeva, the Hitōpadesha of Pilpai, & some works on Muhammedan Law: first English scholar to know Sanskrit: intimate with Warren Hastings & his successors & had their support: commenced a digest of Hindu & Muhammedan Law. [Buckland]
Ben Jonson (1572-1637), Elizabethan poet & dramatist, & critic.
St. Joseph in New Testament, a carpenter of Nazareth; Christ’s earthly father.
Josephine (1763-1814), consort of Napoleon who had the marriage annulled in 1809.
Jouveau-Dubreuil Nolini: “In those days [1910-14] in the Collège de France in Pondicherry, a French professor…engaged in research in ancient history & archaeology. We knew him very well…. From a study of ancient documents & inscriptions he discovered that Pondicherry had at one time been known as veda-puri…a centre of Vedic learning. And this Vedic college, our professor found from ancient maps & other clues, was located exactly on the spot where the main building of the Ashram now stands.” [Reminiscences, 2015, p.52; s/a Pondicherry]
Joyce James Augustine (1882-1941), Irish novelist best known for his Ulysses.
Judah, Lion of title of Haile Selassie of Ethiopia (see Sahavas).
Judah was one of the twelve tribes of Israel that comprised the Jewish people, it produced the great kings Saul, David, & Solomon (c.1020-922 BC) & ruled southern Israel which thereafter was referred as Judah; the northern included the territories of the ten northern tribes that were established in 922 BC.
Judaism the Jewish religion.
Judas (Iscariot) (died c.AD 30), one of the twelve Apostles of Christ, he was their treasurer. The Gospel of Christ that he wrote was discovered in the 20th century.
Judea Graeco-Roman name of Judah, then a part of Roman Palestine; the others were Galilee, Samaria, &, east of the river Jordan, Peraea. In the time of Christ Judea was both part of the province of Syria & a kingdom ruled by the Herods.
Juggernaut corrupt spelling of Jagannāth. Based on an occasional accident or two, false reports that devotees threw themselves under the wheels of His chariot were circulated in the West to use the term to denigrate Hinduism
Julian the Apostate (331/332-363), last Roman emperor (361-63) to attempt to replace Christianity by a revived polytheism of the Graeco-Roman Pantheon.
Julian Emperors the emperors of Rome who followed after Julius Caesar.
Julia’s Bureau agency established by W.T. Stead (q.v.) for communicant spirits.
(Julius) Caesar Gaius Julius Caesar (100-44 BC), Roman statesman & general, excelling in war, politics, statesmanship, letters, oratory, & social graces. His conquests in Gaul & Britain & his defeat of Pompey in the Civil War (48 BC) paved the way for his adopted son Augustus to establish the empire. Julius Caesar was assassinated at the foot of the statue of Pompey in the Roman Senate house.
Julius Caesar Shakespeare’s tragedy composed in the Lyrical Period (1595-1600).
Jamnābai (1853-98), foster-mother of Sayājirao III, she proved an ideal foster-mother & a popular queen. The state hospital was named after her.
Juno chief Roman goddess; the name is used for “woman of stately beauty”.
Jupiter/ Jove Roman God identified with Greek Zeus. In Shelley’s lyrical drama Prometheus Unbound, he represents the tyranny of kings & evil institutions.
Juvenal Decimus Junius Juvenalis (b. AD 55), powerful of Roman satiric poet.
Jyotishtoma Vedic ceremony consisting originally of three, & later of four, five or seven subdivisions; viz. Agni-stoma, Ukthya, Atiratra, or in addition to these, shodashin, Atyagnistoma, Vajapeya & Aptoryama.